作者：上海江河幕墙系统工程有限公司 程 斌、黄拥军、王治宁
【摘 要】：通过对玻璃幕墙面板使用情况的分析，深入研究了现有的各种成功案例和失败案例的应用情况和使用条件，找出了影响玻璃幕墙面板映像失真的原因和各种影响因素，总结出了防止玻璃幕墙面板映像失真的十条具体措施和办法。
【Abstract】Through the analysis of the use of glass curtain wall panels, the application and use conditions of various existing successful and failed cases are deeply studied, and the reasons and various influencing factors that affect the image distortion of glass curtain wall panels are found out. , summed up ten specific measures and methods to prevent image distortion of glass curtain wall panels.
【Key words】: curtain wall, glass, reflection, image, distortion
1 引言
随着社会发展的需要，一座座现代化的建筑拔地而起。玻璃幕墙以其高采光性能、视野通透性能、立面美观性能等优势，渐渐成为各种建筑的首选立面做法。随之而来的是玻璃幕墙自身带来的各种隐患和问题，如玻璃自爆、光污染、安全性等等，本文主要探讨的是玻璃面板问题中的映像失真问题。在以往的研究中，技术人员往往通过对玻璃面板变形的分析和计算,试图找出其主要影响因素,进而为减小幕墙映像的变形提供一些参考。但是随着工程案例的不断增多，我们发现只是对玻璃面板的变形进行计算和分析，已远远不能满足解决玻璃面板映像失真的需要，因此，我们在本文中，通过对各种成功案例和失败案例的分析，试图找出影响玻璃面板映像失真的因素和原因，并总结出针对这些因素和原因的各种措施。
1 Introduction
With the needs of social development, modern buildings have sprung up. Glass curtain wall has gradually become the preferred façade method for various buildings due to its advantages such as high lighting performance, visual transparency performance, and facade aesthetic performance. Then there are various hidden dangers and problems brought by the glass curtain wall itself, such as glass self-explosion, light pollution, safety, etc. This article mainly discusses the image distortion problem in the glass panel problem. In previous studies, technicians often tried to find out the main influencing factors by analyzing and calculating the deformation of the glass panel, and then provided some references for reducing the deformation of the curtain wall image. However, with the increasing number of engineering cases, we found that only calculating and analyzing the deformation of the glass panel is far from meeting the needs of solving the image distortion of the glass panel. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze various successful cases and failures The analysis of the case tries to find out the factors and reasons that affect the image distortion of the glass panel, and summarizes various measures for these factors and reasons.
2 案例分析
众所周知，玻璃面板除了具有非常好的透光透影的功能和效果外，还会在其外表面产生出倒影，映出周边的影像。这种玻璃映像，往往会产生扭曲的效果，主要反映在两个方面：1、是目标物透过玻璃产生的影像变形；2、是目标物倒映在玻璃表面形成的影像变形。这两种映像的变形程度都与玻璃幕墙的设计、加工和安装息息相关。本文以如下几个案例进行分析和探讨。
2 Case study
As we all know, in addition to the function and effect of very good light and shadow transmission, the glass panel will also produce reflections on its outer surface, reflecting the surrounding images. This kind of glass image often produces a distorted effect, which is mainly reflected in two aspects: 1. The image deformation caused by the target passing through the glass; 2. The image deformation formed by the target reflecting on the glass surface. The degree of deformation of these two images is closely related to the design, processing and installation of the glass curtain wall. This article analyzes and discusses the following cases.
案例1：项目位于上海市浦东新区前滩片区某位置区域，玻璃幕墙面板配置为中空LOW-E玻璃，外片为半钢化夹胶玻璃，内片为单片钢化玻璃。主要光学参数为可见光反射率7%，属于低反射玻璃。玻璃采用原厂原片，原厂深加工，玻璃面板成品供应厂家为国内一线品牌。玻璃幕墙面板观测日，天气条件较好，晴天有时多云，观测距离为5m-10m，拍照设备为苹果手机。拍摄情况如下。
Case 1: The project is located in a certain area of Qiantan District, Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The glass curtain wall panel is configured with hollow LOW-E glass, the outer sheet is semi-toughened laminated glass, and the inner sheet is single-piece tempered glass. The main optical parameter is the visible light reflectivity of 7%, which belongs to low-reflection glass. The original glass is used in the original factory, and the original factory is deeply processed. The supplier of the finished glass panel is a domestic first-line brand. On the observation day of the glass curtain wall panel, the weather conditions are good, the sunny day is sometimes cloudy, the observation distance is 5m-10m, and the camera device is an iPhone. The shooting situation is as follows.
观测结果为大部分玻璃幕墙面板映像较为正常，少部分玻璃映像失真情况较为严重，个别玻璃板块上的映像失真尤其严重。另外，在部分玻璃面板的四周，映像失真情况最为明显。
The observation results are that most of the glass curtain wall panels have normal images, and a small number of glass panels have serious image distortion, and the image distortion on individual glass panels is particularly serious. In addition, the image distortion is most obvious around some glass panels.
案例2：项目位于上海市浦东新区前滩片区某位置区域，玻璃幕墙面板配置为中空LOW-E玻璃，外片为半钢化夹胶玻璃，内片为单片钢化玻璃。主要光学参数为可见光反射率7%，属于低反射玻璃，玻璃面板带有彩釉。玻璃采用原厂原片，原厂深加工，玻璃面板成品供应厂家为国产一线品牌。玻璃幕墙面板观测日，天气条件一般，阴天，观测距离为5m-10m，拍照设备为苹果手机。拍摄情况如下。
Case 2: The project is located in a certain area of Qiantan District, Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The glass curtain wall panel is configured with hollow LOW-E glass, the outer sheet is semi-toughened laminated glass, and the inner sheet is single-piece tempered glass. The main optical parameters are the visible light reflectivity of 7%, which belongs to low-reflection glass, and the glass panel has colored glaze. The original glass is used in the original factory, and the original factory is deeply processed. The supplier of the finished glass panel is a domestic first-line brand. The glass curtain wall panel was observed on the day, the weather conditions were normal, and it was cloudy. The observation distance was 5m-10m, and the camera device was an iPhone. The shooting situation is as follows.
观测结果为大部分玻璃幕墙面板映像失真，尤其在侧面角度观察，扭曲现象明显。
The observation results are that most of the glass curtain wall panels are distorted, especially whe viewed from a side angle, the distortion is obvious.
案例3：项目位于上海市浦东新区前滩片区某位置区域，玻璃幕墙面板配置为中空LOW-E玻璃，外片为半钢化夹胶玻璃，内片为单片钢化玻璃。主要光学参数均为常规配置。玻璃采用原厂原片，原厂深加工，玻璃面板成品供应厂家为国产一线品牌。玻璃幕墙面板观测日，天气条件较好，晴天多云，观测距离为15m，拍照设备为苹果手机。拍摄情况如下。
Case 3: The project is located in a certain area of Qiantan District, Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The glass curtain wall panel is configured with hollow LOW-E glass, the outer sheet is semi-toughened laminated glass, and the inner sheet is single-piece tempered glass. The main optical parameters are all conventional configurations. The original glass is used in the original factory, and the original factory is deeply processed. The supplier of the finished glass panel is a domestic first-line brand. On the observation day of the glass curtain wall panel, the weather conditions were good, it was sunny and cloudy, the observation distance was 15m, and the camera device was an iPhone. The shooting situation is as follows.
观测结果为大部分玻璃幕墙面板映像正常，少量局部部位，在玻璃边缘，映像失真比较明显。
The observation results are that most of the glass curtain wall panels have normal images, and a few local parts have obvious image distortions at the edge of the glass.
案例4：项目位于上海市浦东新区世博区某位置区域，玻璃幕墙面板配置为中空三银LOW-E玻璃，外片为半钢化夹胶玻璃，内片为单片钢化玻璃。主要光学参数均为常规配置。玻璃采用原厂原片，原厂深加工，玻璃面板成品供应厂家为国产一线品牌。玻璃幕墙面板观测日，天气条件较好，晴天，观测距离为5m-10m，拍照设备为苹果手机。拍摄情况如下。
Case 4: The project is located in a certain location in the Expo area of Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The glass curtain wall panel is configured with hollow triple-silver LOW-E glass, the outer sheet is semi-toughened laminated glass, and the inner sheet is single-piece tempered glass. The main optical parameters are all conventional configurations. The original glass is used in the original factory, and the original factory is deeply processed. The supplier of the finished glass panel is a domestic first-line brand. On the observation day of glass curtain wall panels, the weather conditions are good and sunny, the observation distance is 5m-10m, and the camera device is an iPhone. The shooting situation is as follows.
观测结果为大部分玻璃幕墙面板映像变形明显，尤其在玻璃边缘，映像失真比较明显。
The observation results are that most of the glass curtain wall panels have obvious image distortion, especially at the edge of the glass, the image distortion is more obvious.
案例5：项目位于上海市浦东新区世博区某位置区域，玻璃幕墙面板配置为中空LOW-E玻璃，外片为夹胶玻璃，内片为单片钢化玻璃。主要光学参数均为常规配置。玻璃采用原厂原片，原厂深加工，玻璃面板成品供应厂家为国产一线品牌。玻璃幕墙面板观测日，天气条件较好，晴天，观测距离为5m-10m，拍照设备为苹果手机。拍摄情况如下。
Case 5: The project is located in a certain location in the Expo area of Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The glass curtain wall panel is configured with hollow LOW-E glass, the outer sheet is laminated glass, and the inner sheet is a single piece of tempered glass. The main optical parameters are all conventional configurations. The original glass is used in the original factory, and the original factory is deeply processed. The supplier of the finished glass panel is a domestic first-line brand. On the observation day of glass curtain wall panels, the weather conditions are good and sunny, the observation distance is 5m-10m, and the camera device is an iPhone. The shooting situation is as follows.
案例6：项目位于上海市徐汇区滨江某位置区域，玻璃幕墙面板配置为中空LOW-E玻璃，外片为钢化夹胶玻璃，内片为单片钢化玻璃。主要光学参数均为常规配置。玻璃采用原厂原片，原厂深加工，玻璃面板成品供应厂家为国产一线品牌。玻璃幕墙面板观测日，天气条件较好，晴天，观测距离为5m-10m，拍照设备为苹果手机。拍摄情况如下。
Case 6: The project is located in a certain location in Binjiang, Xuhui District, Shanghai. The glass curtain wall panel is configured with hollow LOW-E glass, the outer sheet is tempered laminated glass, and the inner sheet is single-piece tempered glass. The main optical parameters are all conventional configurations. The original glass is used in the original factory, and the original factory is deeply processed. The supplier of the finished glass panel is a domestic first-line brand. On the observation day of glass curtain wall panels, the weather conditions are good and sunny, the observation distance is 5m-10m, and the camera device is an iPhone. The shooting situation is as follows.
观测结果为大部分玻璃幕墙面板映像变形，少量局部部位，尤其是在玻璃转角部位，映像失真比较明显。
The observation results are that most of the glass curtain wall panels are deformed, and a small number of local parts, especially in the corners of the glass, have obvious image distortion.
3 成因分析
根据以上案例，我们发现，玻璃映像失真与玻璃的配置有一定的关系，但是关系不是很大。从案例上我们可以看出，半钢化玻璃会比钢化玻璃的映像效果要好，这与我们熟知的理论分析的结果是一致的，但是半钢化玻璃在使用中，仍然会出现大量的扭曲变形，且不比钢化玻璃少，这说明仅仅依靠使用半钢化玻璃是不行的。
其次，我们通过分析发现，玻璃反射率对映像变形的影响也比较小，我们从案例上发现无论是常规玻璃还是低反玻璃，其扭曲变形的现象，并未有太大区别。
最后，是钢化玻璃和夹胶玻璃，夹胶玻璃确实会比单层钢化玻璃的映像效果要好，但是依然不能解决映像失真和变形的问题。
通过以上分析，我们认为控制玻璃的配置（钢化/半钢化、常规/低反、夹胶/单片）一定会对玻璃的映像变形，有控制和帮助的作用，但不是决定性的和唯一的控制手段和影响因素，也就是，一定还存在着其他影响玻璃映像失真的因素。我们继续从玻璃的加工、安装入手，寻找原因。
首先，我们对上海某项目工程实际案例，进行研究。在原材料阶段，我们即开始跟踪玻璃的映像问题，我们对出厂的玻璃，进行了观察，如图。
3 Cause Analysis
According to the above cases, we found that the glass image distortion has a certain relationship with the configuration of the glass, but the relationship is not very big. From the case, we can see that the image effect of semi-tempered glass is better than that of tempered glass, which is consistent with the results of our well-known theoretical analysis, but semi-tempered glass still has a lot of distortion in use, and No less than tempered glass, which shows that it is not enough to rely on the use of semi-tempered glass.
Secondly, we found through analysis that the influence of glass reflectivity on image distortion is relatively small. We found from the case that whether it is conventional glass or low-reflection glass, the phenomenon of distortion and deformation is not much different.
Finally, it is tempered glass and laminated glass. Laminated glass does have a better image effect than single-layer tempered glass, but it still cannot solve the problem of image distortion and deformation.
Through the above analysis, we believe that controlling the configuration of glass (tempered/semi-tempered, conventional/low-reflection, laminated/single-piece) will definitely control and help the image deformation of the glass, but it is not the decisive and only control The means and influencing factors, that is, there must be other factors that affect the distortion of the glass image. We continue to start from the processing and installation of glass to find the reason.
First of all, we conduct research on the actual case of a project in Shanghai. In the raw material stage, we began to track the image problem of the glass, and we observed the factory glass, as shown in the figure.
玻璃出厂时:
通过观察，我们发现：（1）玻璃的映像扭曲不是在上墙前才有的，而是在出厂时，由于玻璃自身的原因，就已经形成了，所以我们需要对玻璃的源头进行控制。（2）玻璃的映像失真问题，与观察的距离关系非常大，距离越远，玻璃的映像失真就越大，这也说明了，为什么常规检测出来的玻璃，为什么平整度没有问题，地面观察没有问题，一上墙就有问题的原因。所以，我们在玻璃选样时，最好的观测距离不要小于30米。
其次，我们在对加工后的玻璃进行观测。玻璃在上墙前，往往要在幕墙的加工厂进行组装，一般框架幕墙是要进行附框粘接，单元体幕墙要组成为单元板块。
Through observation, we found that: (1) The image distortion of glass is not created before it is installed on the wall, but is already formed when it leaves the factory due to the glass itself, so we need to control the source of the glass. (2) The problem of image distortion of glass has a great relationship with the observation distance. The farther the distance is, the greater the image distortion of the glass. This also explains why there is no problem with the flatness of the conventionally detected glass, but not when observed on the ground. The problem, as soon as it hits the wall, is the cause of the problem. Therefore, when we select glass samples, the best observation distance should not be less than 30 meters.
Secondly, we are observing the processed glass. Before the glass is installed on the wall, it is often assembled in the processing factory of the curtain wall. Generally, the frame curtain wall needs to be attached to the frame, and the unit curtain wall should be formed into a unit plate.
通过观察，我们发现，玻璃上墙前映像良好，与原材料时的情形类似，在近距离观察时，并未产生明显的变形。
最后，我们对上墙后的玻璃进行观察。
Through observation, we found that the image of the glass on the wall is good, similar to that of the raw material, and there is no obvious deformation when observed at close range.
Finally, we observed the glass behind the wall.
通过观察，我们发现，玻璃上墙后，大面位置映像效果较好，与未上墙前差别不大，但是在固定部位，玻璃影响变形明显。对比图17，单元体玻璃上墙后表现，玻璃的映像扭曲变形非常明显。说明单元体幕墙对控制玻璃面板的影响扭曲变形的效果非常好。
为帮助大家分析，我们还对玻璃在工厂、上墙前、上墙后，三个阶段的玻璃平整度要求进行归纳，如下。
在工厂内部及现场未安装平放时，玻璃整体受力均匀，测得波形值较小；安装后受力情况较复杂，测得波形数值略有增加。
4 结论及建议
幕墙玻璃的反射影像变形是一种常见情况，现实中建筑幕墙玻璃影像变形处处可见，钢化玻璃工艺自身的特点以及环境温度变化等原因共同作用，都会产生玻璃反射影像的变形，中空玻璃国家标准GB/T11944/美国标准ASTM C1048 也对此现象做出了解释。
必须承认观测条件的重要性和建筑玻璃光学变形的客观性。使图像扭曲现象真正被理解。从几何学的角度看,图像变形无处不在。在实际建筑中,由于不可能具有真正意义上的理想平面，因此也不可能有真正的反射图像。
钢化玻璃是在水平钢化炉中进行热处理的，玻璃表面与加热辊接触可能会产生轻微的变形。在水平钢化炉中，玻璃是热并且软的，由于重力的作用在加热辊之间的玻璃会出现下垂现象。玻璃板进入或离开钢化炉或冷却阶段时，玻璃板的前边或后边部分会产生翘曲。从一定距离观察钢化玻璃，可以看到波筋和边部翘曲。
观察距离和角度的影响：根据国内外相关标准，观察玻璃时，观察者的视线要与玻璃表面垂直。但是观察者的观察角度和距离会对玻璃反射失真造成一定影响。更长的观察距离以及更小的观察角度会放大由于玻璃反射或透射造成的玻璃变形。增加观察距离，玻璃反射图像的失真度将急剧增加。
安装因素：玻璃安装的夹具、支撑块、定位块、压条等部件，也会对玻璃影像变形有一定的影响，这是无法忽视的。
根据以上分析和结论，我们建议对玻璃映像失真的控制，从以下十个方面入手，我们总结出了玻璃映像变形的十忌：
一忌，大小片玻璃组合，特别是单片面积比3倍以上的工程；
二忌，超大玻璃，特别是单片面积4.5平米以上；
三忌，长宽比偏离1：2的异形玻璃，1：1玻璃的彻底失真，1：3玻璃的扭曲失真；
四忌，中空玻璃的外片刚度太小，特别是夹胶中空玻璃，外片6+6玻璃与内片10mm玻璃的组合、外片8+6玻璃与内片10mm玻璃的组合等，理想的配置是中空外片刚度略大；
五忌，不等厚夹胶玻璃，特别是6+8夹胶，刚度差距太大；
六忌，低反射膜配薄玻璃，低反射玻璃的抗风挠度限制宜提高到L/90；
七忌，低反射膜镀在中空玻璃组件的最薄片上。
八忌，合中空时的温度与使用地点的年均温差超过15度；
九忌，合中空时的海拔与使用地点超过600米；
十忌，建筑间距小于100米，特别是南北向间距。
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